– Structural water stress: Algeria is ranked among the countries most exposed to water stress, with less than 500 m³ of freshwater per capita per year—well below the critical threshold of 1,000 m³.

– High dependence on conventional resources: Dams and groundwater remain the main sources of supply, but are increasingly affected by climate variability, overexploitation, and pollution.

– Strategic responses: The government is focusing on:
Seawater desalination (target: 60% of drinking water to be supplied through desalination by 2030).
Reuse of treated wastewater, still limited but gradually expanding.
Modernization of water infrastructure to reduce losses (currently estimated at around 30% to 40%).

– Algeria is a major producer of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas), which account for over 90% of its exports.

– Domestic energy consumption is rising rapidly, reducing export capacity.

– Renewable energy remains underdeveloped (less than 2% of the energy mix), despite strong solar potential estimated at over 3,000 hours of sunshine per year.

– The country has adopted energy transition plans, aiming to produce 15,000 MW of renewable electricity by 2035, but greater investment and regulatory support are needed.

– Water and air pollution, soil erosion, overexploitation of natural resources, and biodiversity loss are major challenges.

– Urban areas suffer from inadequate waste management and demographic pressure.

– Algeria has launched reforestation programs, waste recovery initiatives, and anti-desertification efforts, but implementation remains limited due to a lack of resources and coordination.